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英语名词的单数和复数实际上不那么简单,有的专家总结说,单复数的变化有二十多种,而且每种形式都有一些例外,我过去一直是用死记硬背的方式来记忆,后来应用起来就很呆板。后来我改变了方法,在阅读中记忆,在与朋友的交谈中和书信往来中熟悉这些变化,慢慢地就变成自己的习惯。但是,有一些词的变化却是没有规律的,比如下面这些名词的复数要加es:
motto —— mottoes (格言)
potato —— potatoes (土豆)
tomato —— tomatoes (西红柿)
但是,下面这几个词的复数就只加s:
piano —— pianos (钢琴)
studio —— studios (摄影棚)
tornado —— tornados (龙卷风)
还有的是既可以用-es,也可以用-s,比如:
fresco —— frescoes或:frescos (壁画法)
gingko —— gingkoes或:gingkos (银杏)
portico —— porticoes或:porticos (有圆柱的门廊)
同样是以o结尾的名词,有的变成复数要用-es,有的却用-s,还有的既可以用-es,也可以用-s,为什么会有这样的例外呢?我曾问过一些英语专家,可他们也说不清,只能说是习惯造成的,人们历来就是这样用的。再比如:
ox —— oxen (公牛)
child —— children (儿童)
这完全是古英语的复数形式,却一直沿用至今,可是很多其他的古英语的复数形式早就变了,那该怎么办呢?办法只有一个——因为它们是常用词,记住它们就是了。
人们常说,失败是成功之母,我倒是认为,学习英语,实践是成功的保证。锲而不舍地学下去,点点滴滴的积累,不放过一个疑点,不放弃一个新的用法,不忽略一个新的现象,哪怕是冠词的一个新用法。我说的这种新就是指以前没有遇到过的用法。
有一次,朋友C送给我一套Brighter Grammar (《趣味英语语法》),它让我爱不释手,我经常翻看那本书,也经常做书中的练习。我发现,原来语法知识也可以讲得这样深入浅出,生动活泼,而不是像有些又厚又重,像砖头一样的语法工具书,那么刻板教条,枯燥乏味。比如,在这本Brighter Grammar里有这样一个练习,要把下面这段短文里用斜体标出的动词都改成一般过去时:
A London Fog
It is a very foggy day in London. The fog is so thick that it is impossible to see more than a foot or so. Buses, cars and taxis are not able to run and are standing by the side of the road. People are trying to find their way about on foot but are losing their way in the fog. Mr. Smith has a very important meeting at the House of Commons and has to get there but no one can take him. He tries to walk there but finds he is quite lost. Suddenly he bumps into a stranger. The stranger asks him if he can help him. Mr. Smith says he wants to get to the Houses of Parliament. The stranger tells him he will take him there. Mr. Smith thanks him and they start to walk there. The fog is getting thicker every minute but the stranger has no difficulty in finding the way. He goes along a street, turns down another, crosses a square and at last after about half an hour’s walk they arrive at the Houses of Parliament. Mr. Smith can’t understand how the stranger finds his way. “It is wonderful,” he says, “How do you find the way in this fog?”
“It is no trouble at all to me,” says the stranger, “I’m blind.”
我觉得,做完这个练习,就会对英语动词的过去式有一点基本认识了。
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